Page Contents
Framework Component
Indicator Description
Background and Context
This is an appropriate indicator to use when SNAP-Ed in the program being evaluated provided a sufficient dose of R5 beverage intervention to expect behavior change that will last over an extended time period. Examples include Rethink Your Drink interventions; provider/parent education in early child care settings that include a strong component about appropriate beverages and portion sizes for preschool-age children; and PSE interventions to increase access to drinking water in schools.
Outcome Measures
R5a. | Number or percentage of SNAP-Ed eligible persons who drink plain water (or, average cups consumed daily) |
R5b. | Number or percentage of SNAP-Ed eligible persons who reduced their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (or, average cups consumed daily) |
R5c. | Number or percentage of SNAP-Ed eligible persons who switched from fruit drink or juice drinks to 100 percent fruit juice |
R5d. | Number or percentage of SNAP-Ed eligible persons who consumed less than 8 ounces of 100 percent fruit juice daily |
What to Measure
- Number or percentage of adults who report drinking plain water
- Number or percentage of adults persons who report drinking soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages
- Number or percentage of adults who report drinking fruit drink or fruit juice drink or switching from these drinks to 100 percent fruit juice
- Number or percentage of adults who report drinking less than 8 ounces of 100 percent of fruit juice daily
Children/Adolescents
- Number or percentage of children/adolescents who report drinking plain water
- Number or percentage of children/adolescents who report drinking soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages
- Number or percentage of children/adolescents who report drinking fruit drink or fruit juice drink or switching from these drinks to 100 percent fruit juice
- Number or percentage of children/adolescents who report drinking less than 8 ounces of 100 percent of fruit juice daily or the appropriate amount for age group
Population
Surveys and Data Collection Tools
ADULTS
National Surveillance Surveys
https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/pdf-ques/2013-brfss_english.pdf (page 40)
https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/pdf-ques/2013_brfss_spanish.pdf (page 41)
- About how often do you drink regular soda or pop that contains sugar? Do not include diet soda or diet pop.
- About how often do you drink sweetened fruit drinks, such as Kool-Aid, cranberry drink, and lemonade? Include fruit drinks you made at home and added sugar to.
- Response choices: Number of times/day; times/week; or times/month, whichever is easiest for respondent
Other Instruments
The following instruments can be used to collect statewide population data.
(Instrument is available in English, Spanish, Russian, Hmong, Chinese, also instructional video and other materials)
https://townsendlab.ucdavis.edu/
Note: Any multiple pass method in which all data collectors have been trained to collect the information consistently using a standardized, documented protocol that includes probing is acceptable. It is recommended that, if at all possible, visual aids, such as portion size guides (paper or online), measuring cups, dishes/glasses, and/or food models be used.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3379009/pdf/nihms379195.pdf
For each item:
- In the past month indicate how often you drank the following beverages.
- Response choices: Never or less than 1 time per week; 1 time per week; 2–3 times per week; 4–6 times per week; 1 time per day; 2+ times per day; 3+ times per day
- Indicate approximately how much you drank each time.
- Response choices: Less than 6 fl. oz. (¾ cup); 8 fl. oz. (1 cup); 12 fl. oz. (1½ cups); 16 fl. oz. (2 cups); more than 20 fl. oz. (2½ cups)
Beverage line items include, among others, water, juice drinks, soda, 100% juice, sweet tea, energy and sports drinks, and room to add respondent-specific beverages
https://cookingmatters.org/sites/default/files/Survey.CMA_.English.2017.Esurvey.Updated.pdf
- How often do you typically drink a bottle or glass of water? (Count tap, bottled and sparkling water.)
- How often do you typically drink a can, bottle, or glass of regular soda or pop, sports drink, or energy drink? (Do not count diet or zero-calorie drinks.)
- Response choices: Not at all; Once a week or less; More than once a week; Once a day; More than once a day
https://townsendlab.ucdavis.edu/
- Do you drink fruit drinks, sports drinks, or punch?
- Do you drink regular soda?
- Response choices: no; yes, sometimes; yes, often; yes, everyday
CHILDREN & YOUTH
National Surveillance Surveys
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/questionnaires.htm
(2015 questionnaire Q.77, page 17)
- During the past 7 days, how many times did you drink a can, bottle, or glass of soda or pop,
such as Coke, Pepsi, or Sprite? (Do not count diet soda or diet pop.)- Response choices: I did not drink soda or pop; 1 to 3 times in the past 7 days; 4 to 6 times
in the past 7 days; 1 time/day; 2 times/day; 3 times/day; 4 or more times/day
- Response choices: I did not drink soda or pop; 1 to 3 times in the past 7 days; 4 to 6 times
Other Instruments
The following instruments can be used to collect statewide population data.
https://sharedresources.fhcrc.org/documents/beverage-and-snack-questionnaire
- How often did you drink these beverages in the past week?
- Response choices: Never or less than 1 time per week; 1 time per week; 2–3 times per week;
4–6 times per week; 1 time per day; 2–3 times per day; 4+ times per day
- Response choices: Never or less than 1 time per week; 1 time per week; 2–3 times per week;
Beverage line items include unflavored water, flavored water, soda, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, and 100% juice among others. Instrument covers in-school and out-of-school time separately for each item.
English and Spanish; 4th–8th graders [R5a,b,c]
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/cpns/Pages/Chapter1RequiredSurveysforImpact
OutcomeEvaluation.aspx
Yesterday, did you drink…
- Fruit juice? Fruit juice is a drink, which is 100% juice, like orange juice, apple juice, or grape juice.
Do not count punch, sports drinks, or other fruit-flavored drinks. - Any water, such as from a glass, a bottle, or a water fountain?
- Any punch, sports drinks or other fruit-flavored drinks? Do not count 100% fruit juice or diet drinks?
- Any regular (not diet) sodas or soft drinks?
- Responses: No, I didn’t drink any; Yes, I drank xx 1 time up to I drank xx 3 or more times for punch, etc. and soda.; Yes, I drank xx 1 time up to I drank xx 5 or more times for 100% juice and water
https://www2.ag.purdue.edu/programs/hhs/efnep/Pages/Resource-Evaluation.aspx
- Yesterday, how many times did you drink sweetened drinks like soda, fruit-flavored drinks,
sports drinks, energy drinks, and vitamin water? Do not include 100% fruit juice.- Response choices: none; 1 time; 2 times; 3 or more times
Additional evaluation tools to measure R5 can be found in the SNAP-Ed Library.
Key Glossary Terms
Additional Resources or Supporting Citations
1Committee on Nutrition. Use and misuse of fruit juice in Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2001;107;(5):1210-3.
2References for development of English and Spanish Food Behavior Checklists – https://townsendlab.ucdavis.edu/evaluation-research-tools/food-behavior-checklists/
3BSQ – Neuhouser ML, Lilley S, Lund A, et al. Development and validation of a beverage and snack questionnaire for use in evaluation of school nutrition policies. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109;(9):1587-1592.
4SPAN – Thiagarajah K, Fly AD, Hoelscher DM, et al. Validating the food behavior questions from the elementary school SPAN questionnaire. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40;5:305-310.